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Loads and Forces

Important Note – These are descriptions to changes implemented in WoodWorks Shearwalls for version 9.3 and may not reflect current program behaviour.

  1. Duplicate and Missing Low Rise Wind Loads (Bug 3002)

    The program would sometime take portions of low-rise wind loads generated for one corner load case and assign them to another corner load case, creating duplicate loads for one case and gaps in the other case. This was most likely to occur if the structure is heavily indented, and has been corrected.

  2. Centre of Mass and Center of Rigidity in Plan View (Feature 218)

    The program now shows the location of the center of loads and the center of rigidity of the structure, for both wind and seismic loading. These appear in Load Generation action when Rigid forces are chosen for display. Two small dots with the symbols CL and CR appear.

    You can turn on and off the display of these points using the Show menu.

    The distance between these points in each direction is the moment arm used for torsional analysis for rigid diaphragm distribution.

  3. C&C Wind Loads in Both Directions (Change 176)

    When adding a new C&C load, it is now possible to select "Both ways" for wind direction, as the program now distinguishes between suction C&C loads for both nail withdrawal and sheathing strength, and bearing wind loads which impact sheathing strength only. .

  4. Crash Upon Input of C&C Load (Bug 176)

    Starting with version 9, after entering a C&C wind load in Load Input form, and if there are no generated loads, the program would crash upon exit from the dialog. This has been corrected.

  5. Update of Add Load Dialog Input (Bug 3005)

    The following corrections have been made to the Add a New Load dialogue box:

    1. Wind C&C Loads

      When Wind C&C is selected,

      • The Apply to... input was limited to Building face but the list was filled with wall lines. The Apply to input now shows Wall lines
      • The magnitude labels From and To changed to Interior and End but failed to consistently update back to From and To when a different type was selected.
    2. Apply to Selected Walls

      When Apply to… Selected Walls was selected, the From and To location did not update properly so that the load would not be applied to just the extent of the selected wall.

    3. Dead Loads On Building Face

      You can no longer apply dead load and building mass loads to an entire building face. These loads are more appropriate to a wall line

    4. Element for Wall Line Loads

      For wind shear and seismic loads the Element was always shown to be Face even when applied to a wall line. It now shows the wall line it was added to.

    5. Width of Load List (Bug 3077).

      The list of input loads has been widened to show the Profile column without scrolling.

  6. Missing Elevation View Forces in for No Deflection Analysis (Bug 3003)

    When the Design Setting was set to exclude deflection analysis, the shear flow arrows for diaphragm shear and base shear and the segment shear force arrows did not show up in elevation view. This has been corrected.

  7. Missing Snow Load Note in Load Generation Dialog (Bug 2988)

    Under Seismic Loads in the Generate Loads dialog, the note giving the percentage of snow load used was missing. It has been restored to the program.

  8. Nonsensical Torsional Forces in Log file for Low Rise Wind Design (Bug 3006)

    Generating low-rise wind loads on a structure with a flat roof would sometimes show nonsensical output in the log file for the rigid distribution torsional forces for low-rise case B wind loads. As these cases have a net zero wind load in the direction with nonsensical output, this did not affect design. It has been corrected

  9. Multi-block Low Rise Height to Width Setting (Change 183)

    The Design Setting which indicated whether the structure height to width ratios are based on a single block or multiple blocks has been removed from the program, as it had no effect. This setting had been put in the program as part of ongoing development to implement multi-block low rise procedures; however, this feature has not yet been released.

  10. Site Information Output

    The following changes have been made to the Design Results output pertaining to wind and seismic load generation site information:

    1. Wind and Seismic Load Generation Procedure (Change 196)

      For design method, the USA ASCE 7 seismic load generation procedure was showing, and for wind, the "N" was missing from NBC. These problems have been corrected and the program now shows the full NBC procedure for both.

      For wind design, the program was showing the choice of low rise (Fig. I-7/8) or all-heights (FigI-15), but that information is also in the Design Settings output. Instead, in the Site Information the program now shows Static Procedure from NBC 4.1.7.

    2. Cgi Notation (Change 198)

      CGI has changed to Cgi.

  11. Load Generation Details Results in Log File

    The following changes have been made to the log file showing detailed wind and seismic load generation information:

    1. Log File for New Project (Change 184)

      Pressing log file button for a new project displayed the results from the last unsaved session. The log file button is now enabled until loads have been generated.

    2. File Header (Changes 187, 179)

      The following changes have been made to the log file header block:

      • the date and time now appear at the top of the file instead of each title block of the wind, seismic and torsional analysis information. The unnecessary word "Time:" has been removed.
      • the header now includes the version number of the software,
      • the program name, version, filename and date are separated by a blank line from the design code information below.
      • The header was not appearing if was seismic only loading and thus no wind load generation section. This has been corrected
    3. Page Numbers (Change 188)

      Since the log file was placed in a viewer within the Shearwalls program with version 9.0, page numbers no longer appeared. This has been corrected

    4. Table Alignment in Viewer (Change 214)

      The log file was designed to be shown in Windows Notepad, which has a tab width of 8. The new internal text viewer uses a tab width of 6, so some output tables were misaligned with their headers. Tab stops have now been replaced by spaces to avoid this problem.

    5. References to NBC (Change 191)

      The references to NBC design code clauses now follow the format NBC uses when referring internally to other sections of the publication, e.g. 4.1.7.1.(6)(c) . Previously there had been inconsistent formatting.

    6. Fractional Exponents in Equations (Change 192)

      The formatting of fractional exponents in equations has been changed from fractional to decimal to conform with NBC formatting, e.g. (h/10)^1/5 is changed to (h/10)^0.2

    7. Site Info and Legend Format (Change 189)

      Information in the log file site information and definitions legends that was previously separated by semi-colons has been placed on a separate line for readability

    8. Formatting of Subsections (Change 201)

      Where a subsection of the report contains more than one simple table, a blank line has been placed after the heading to the subsection to indicate that all the information below it pertains to that heading.

    9. Wind Load Legend Nomenclature and Formatting (Change 190)

      The following changes have been made to the legend to the wind load section of the log file

      • Cg - Internal is changed to Cgi - Internal
      • P for Pressure has changed to p; also changed in the equation below and column headers
      • Commentary 31 changed to Commentary I-31
      • LC = Case A or B changed to LC = Load Case A or B in Figure I-7
      • Added line Dir = direction (WW = windward, LW = Leeward)
    10. References to Ce Equations (Change 193)

      The reference to the equations for exposure factor Ce from the NBC has been made more exact, changing 4.1.7.1 5) to 4.1.7.1.(5)(a). and 4.1.7.1.(5)(b). for open terrain and rough terrain respectively.

    11. Main Wind Force vs. C&C Loads (Change 194)

      Main Wind Force and C&C loads have been split into separate tables for readability. Previously there were two sets of headers for the tables and you had to correlate information for the type of load being read with the correct header line.

    12. Cei and Cgi Format for C&C Loads (Change 195)

      The internal exposure and gust co-efficients Cei and Cgi are now output to 2 decimal places instead of 1, similar to Ce and Ci.

    13. Seismic Method (Change 199)

      The design code clause reference has been added to the seismic design method shown in the header to the section on seismic load generation, and the redundant output of 2 lines repeating the NBC design code under the seismic site information have been removed.

    14. Seismic Site Information

      The following changes have been made to the echo of the user-input Site Information

      1. Seismic Site Information and Legend Titles and Location (Change 200)

        The output of Site Information for seismic load generation has been made consistent with wind by removing the words "User Input" and placing it first in the sequence of information reported.

      2. Importance Category (Change 202)

        Risk in the seismic Site information section has been renamed Importance category and moved to be adjacent to the Importance Factor Ie.

      3. Fv Formatting (Change 203)

        The extra spaces before the output of Fv in the seismic Site Information have been removed.

      4. Ta and Rd,Ro in Seismic Site Information (Change 205)
        The seismic site information now indicates whether the Ta used is from the equation listed below or from the user input over-ride, and indicates that the value is shown in the Base Shear table. It also indicates that Rd and Ro are in the Base Shear table, in order to make it clear that these values are input and not calculated.
    15. Seismic Legend ( Changes 210-211)

      The following changes have been made to the Symbols section for seismic load generation

      • This section has been renamed Legend, consistent with Wind output.
      • The definition of Vx has been removed, as it does not apply to NBC design.
      • For Fx, design seismic force… has changed to "lateral force... so that it matches NBC usage.
      • wi and wx are changed to Wx and Wi for consistency with NBC notation
    16. Seismic Equations (Change 204)

      The following changes have been made to the Equations section for seismic load generation:

      • The definitions have been removed from in front of V, Ta, Ft and Vx since these are already supplied in the Legend section.
      • Segment Lateral Force: Vp and Top Storey Shear Force: Vn have been removed, as they are from old design code editions and are now obsolete.
      • The words hn in m have been added to the expression for Ta to indicate for imperial output that that expression is valid only when Ta is in metric units.
      • wi and wx are changed to Wx and Wi for consistency with NBC notation.
    17. Calculation of Base Shear Table ( Changes 212)

      The following changes have been made to the Calculation of Design Base Shear section:

      • The value of hn, the height of the top level, is now shown below the Calculation of Design Base Shear
      • The notation T has been changed to Ta, for consistency with NBC and the rest of the report
      • The notation S has been changed to S(T)
    18. Distribution of Base Shear to Stories ( Changes 206-209, 212)

      The Distribution of Base Shear to Stories table often appeared in a puzzling, ragged format because an earlier format with the stories arrayed horizontally was shown along with the current format with the rows arranged vertically. This has been corrected, and the following changes have also been made:

      • When you chose in the Format Settings to show distances in feet and inches, the table would show the storey height that way rather than in decimal format, which is used for all output reports.
      • The final column is now headed by an Fx instead of Vx, in keeping with NBC terminology
      • The name of the table has been changed to Distribution of Base Shear to Levels, to avoid the complication of differing spelling of the word storey for USA and Canada.

See Also

CSA O86-14 Design Standard

Other Engineering Design

Program Operation